{"id":3950,"date":"2022-04-11T20:39:12","date_gmt":"2022-04-11T19:39:12","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.ecoloj.be\/goforclimatejustice\/jump\/?p=3950"},"modified":"2022-11-22T16:08:27","modified_gmt":"2022-11-22T15:08:27","slug":"smart-cities-leurre-neo-liberal","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.ecoloj.be\/goforclimatejustice\/jump\/smart-cities-leurre-neo-liberal\/","title":{"rendered":"Smart Cities, ce leurre n\u00e9o-lib\u00e9ral"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>Smart cities, quid ? <\/strong>Depuis quelques ann\u00e9es, le concept de Smart Cities prend de plus en plus de place dans les discours politiques et urbanistiques. L\u2019objectif, clair et assum\u00e9, consiste \u00e0 transformer la ville afin de l\u2019optimiser et d\u2019am\u00e9liorer les services gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la technologie.<\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<p>Cette derni\u00e8re est vue comme la solution id\u00e9ale aux flux &#8211; financiers, de personnes, de donn\u00e9es\u2026 &#8211; qui ralentiraient la ville et d\u00e9t\u00e9rioreraient les services.<\/p>\n<p>Dans une ville smart, chaque d\u00e9tail des comportements des populations est analys\u00e9 pour ensuite les perfectionner et les corriger. Concr\u00e8tement, cela se traduit par l\u2019installation de poubelles intelligentes, de capteurs de flux de cyclistes\/automobiles, de cam\u00e9ras de vid\u00e9o-surveillance (ou vid\u00e9o-protection pour utiliser le langage Smart), etc.<\/p>\n<p>Le concept de Smart Cities a \u00e9t\u00e9 d\u00e9velopp\u00e9 et encourag\u00e9 par des entreprises priv\u00e9es du num\u00e9rique (IBM, Cisco\u2026) ne cherchant pas \u00e0 am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de vie des habitant\u00b7es, mais \u00e0 d\u00e9ployer de nouveaux march\u00e9s dans lesquels ils ont vu l\u2019opportunit\u00e9 d\u2019un profit important en \u00e9quipant num\u00e9riquement des villes. Cette d\u00e9marche n\u2019a pas que pour seul principe d\u2019optimiser les villes, mais favorise \u00e9galement la mise en concurrence des territoires. Autrement dit, plus un territoire est \u00e9quip\u00e9 et attractif, plus il sera visit\u00e9 et valoris\u00e9. La mise en concurrence des territoires s&rsquo;inclut totalement dans la logique de production spatiale capitaliste au d\u00e9triment des classes populaires (s\u00e9gr\u00e9gation spatiale, gentrification et r\u00e9pression) et de l\u2019environnement (cf. Harvey, Van Criekigen).<\/p>\n<h2><span style=\"color: #99cc00;\">La technologie nous sauvera ? Pas si vite\u2026<\/span><\/h2>\n<p>La pierre angulaire des projets de Smart Cities repose sur la r\u00e9colte permanente de donn\u00e9es. Celle-ci pose question, bien que d\u2019exp\u00e9rience dans les projets de Smart Cities, seulement une petite partie de ces donn\u00e9es est trait\u00e9e (15% pour reprendre l\u2019exemple de la ville de Rio) faute de moyens et de comp\u00e9tences. La collecte de ces flux d\u2019informations, pas toujours d\u00e9tenus par des entit\u00e9s publiques, ne permet pas un contr\u00f4le d\u00e9mocratique suffisant et entrave le respect de la vie priv\u00e9e. Vivre dans une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 du contr\u00f4le permanent ne peut \u00eatre un projet r\u00e9jouissant et vecteur d\u2019\u00e9mancipation. L\u2019ombre d\u2019une situation de non-retour grave plane sur nos villes. En effet, le placement de certains capteurs, de d\u00e9mocratie participative exclusivement en ligne, de cam\u00e9ras de surveillance est un pas en direction d\u2019une soci\u00e9t\u00e9 type Black Mirror ou chaque fait et chaque geste est analys\u00e9, jusqu\u2019\u00e0 \u00eatre \u00e9ventuellement r\u00e9prim\u00e9.<\/p>\n<p>La Smart Citiy a tendance \u00e0 d\u00e9placer, voire cr\u00e9er des probl\u00e8mes. Par exemple, pour faire face aux embouteillages, IBM propose des capteurs afin d\u2019optimiser les temps de trajet et d\u2019afficher les places de parking disponibles. A contrario, ce diagnostic tr\u00e8s partiel ne propose pas de solution structurelle \u00e0 la congestion. Il s\u2019agit donc d\u2019un d\u00e9tournement du probl\u00e8me qui va en cr\u00e9er d\u2019autres (\u00e9cologique, contr\u00f4le, etc).<\/p>\n<p>Fr\u00e9quemment, l\u2019un des principaux arguments mis en avant avec ce concept (et il s\u2019applique \u00e9galement \u00e0 celui des villes \u00ab durables \u00bb) est qu\u2019on r\u00e9soudra l\u2019enjeu environnemental \u00e0 coup de technologies salvatrices. Les partisan\u2027es de ce discours omettent d\u2019exposer les co\u00fbts environnementaux d\u00e9plac\u00e9s (production en masse de capteurs et autres) ou alors la consommation \u00e9nergivore de ces appareils. De plus, ceux-ci fonctionnent avec des syst\u00e8mes WIFI mais surtout gr\u00e2ce \u00e0 la 5G (et 6G prochainement) alors qu\u2019on conna\u00eet les effets n\u00e9fastes de ces technologies.<\/p>\n<p>Aujourd\u2019hui, malgr\u00e9 une multitude de projets en sa faveur, la Smart Citiy ne fonctionne pas: tr\u00e8s peu de secteurs des villes et administrations ont r\u00e9ussi \u00e0 se muer en version Smart et seule une installation accrue de cam\u00e9ras a \u00e9t\u00e9 r\u00e9alis\u00e9e, ne rendant pas la ville plus intelligente ou s\u00e9curis\u00e9e.<\/p>\n<p>La Smart Citiy nous rappelle plus que jamais d\u2019analyser et penser la ville sous le prisme de qui \u00ab la fait \u00bb, pour qui elle \u00ab est faite \u00bb, qui y gagne et qui y perd. En effet, l\u2019am\u00e9nagement du territoire et l\u2019espace public ne r\u00e9sultent pas de simples d\u00e9cisions consensuelles et de sens commun. Il s&rsquo;agit d\u2019un espace o\u00f9 plus que jamais les syst\u00e8mes de dominations et int\u00e9r\u00eats divergents persistent et s\u2019y confrontent ! Heureusement, bon nombre de ces projets Smart ont \u00e9t\u00e9 avort\u00e9s face \u00e0 la mobilisation des habitant\u00b7es, comme \u00e0 Toronto en 2020.<\/p>\n<p>&#8212;<\/p>\n<p><strong>F\u00e9lix Boudru<\/strong><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Smart cities, quid ? Depuis quelques ann\u00e9es, le concept de Smart Cities prend de plus en plus de place dans les discours politiques et urbanistiques. L\u2019objectif, clair et assum\u00e9, consiste [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":3952,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"image","meta":[],"categories":[116],"tags":[117,89],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v20.1 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Smart Cities, ce leurre n\u00e9o-lib\u00e9ral - Jump<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ecoloj.be\/goforclimatejustice\/jump\/smart-cities-leurre-neo-liberal\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Smart Cities, ce leurre n\u00e9o-lib\u00e9ral - Jump\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Smart cities, quid ? 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